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Module 1 Notes

Topic 1- Facilities-Based Telecommunications Operators

  1. “Nineteenth Annual Report and Analysis of Competitive Market Conditions with Respect to Mobile Wireless,” Federal Communications Commission, September 23, 2016, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-1061A1_Rcd.pdf

Topic 2- Sale-Leaseback and Build-to-Suit Transactions and Collocation Agreements

  1. Adam Levy, “Why AT&T and Verizon Communications Are Selling over $12.6 Billion Worth of Assets,” The Motley Fool, February 15, 2015, https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/02/15/why-att-and-verizon-communications-are-selling-ove.aspx;Scott Moritz, “Verizon Sells Landlines, Towers in 2 Deals for $15.6 Billion,” Bloomberg Technology, February 2015, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-05/verizon-to-sell-landlines-towers-in-two-deals-for-15-6-billion;Bob Varettoni, “Selling Wireline Assets in Three States to Frontier for $10.54 Billion; Generating $5 Billion of Initial Cash for Wireless Towers in Transaction with American Tower; $5 Billion Share Repurchase,” Verizon press release, February 5, 2015, http://www.verizon.com/about/news/verizon-sharpens-strategic-focus-and-returns-value-investors-transactions-valued-1554-billion;“AT&T and Crown Castle Announce $4.85 Billion Tower Transaction,” AT&T press release, October 20, 2013, https://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=24913&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=37107;Evelyn M. Rusli, “T-Mobile Sells Rights to Towers for $2.4 Billion,” New York Times Deal Book, September 28, 2012. A version of this article also appeared in the New York edition, September 28, 2012, page B2, as “T-Mobile Sells Phone Tower Rights for $2.4 Billion,” https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/t-mobile-sells-rights-to-towers-for-2-4-billion/?_r=0;“US Cellular Announces Sale of Towers in Divested Markets,” US Cellular press release, December 11, 2014, http://investors.uscellular.com/news/news-release-details/2014/US-Cellular-Announces-Sale-of-Towers-in-Divested-Markets/default.aspx;“Sprint Nextel Completes Tower Sale to TowerCo for Approximately $670 Million in Cash,” Sprint Nextel news release, September 24, 2008, http://newsroom.sprint.com/news-releases/sprint-nextel-completes-tower-sale-to-towerco-for-approximately-670-million-in-cash.htm;Federal Communications Commission 18th Annual Report and Analysis of Competitive Market Conditions with Respect to Mobile Wireless, Including Commercial Mobile Services, page 47, December 23, 2015, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-15-1487A1.pdf.
  2.  “US Tower Counts and Site Information Are Often Inaccurate and Purposely Misleading,” Wireless Estimator, July 10, 2015, http://wirelessestimator.com/articles/2015/u-s-tower-counts-and-site-information-are-often-inaccurate-and-purposely-misleading/.

Topic 4- Wireless Trends

  1. Jon Lafayette, “ComScore Says Growth in Mobile Video Maturing,” Broadcast and Cable Magazine, March 22, 2017, http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/currency/comscore-says-growth-mobile-video-maturing/164302.  See also Andrew Lipsman, “Mobile Matures as the Cross-Platform Era Emerges,” March 31, 2017, http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Mobile-Matures-as-the-Cross-Platform-Era-Emerges; and Andrew Lipsman and Adam Lella, “2017 US Cross-Platform Future in Focus,” March 22, 2017, http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2017/2017-US-Cross-Platform-Future-in-Focus. According to Lipsman and Lella’s report, the smartphone accounts for massive expansion in access to online media.

Topic 5- State of the Art Technology; Small Cells, 5G, and the Internet of Things (IoT)

  1. “FCC Chief Says the Path to 5G Has Challenges and Millions of Antennas,” WirelessEstimator.com, September 8, 2016, http://wirelessestimator.com/articles/2016/fcc-chief-says-the-path-to-5g-has-challenges-and-millions-of-antennas/.
  2. Majed Al Amine, Kenneth Mathias, and Thomas Dyer, “How 5G Can Help Municipalities Become Vibrant Smart Cities,” Accenture Strategy, 2017, http://www.ctia.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/how-5g-can-help-municipalities-become-vibrant-smart-cities-accenture.pdf.
  3. “Fact Sheet: Spectrum Frontiers Rules Identify, Open Up Vast Amounts of New High-Band Spectrum for Next Generation (5G) Wireless Broadband,” Federal Communications Commission, July 14, 2016, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public
    /attachmatch/DOC-340310A1.pdf; Mike Snider, “FCC Approves Spectrum for 5G Advances,” USA Today, July 14, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/07/14/fcc-approves-spectrum-5g-advances/87081242/.

Topic 6- First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet)

  1. FirstNet was created on February 22, 2012. See “FirstNet Outlines Operational Readiness, First 100-Days for Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network,” FirstNet press release, December 14, 2016, http://firstnet.gov/news/firstnet
    -outlines-operational-readiness-first-100-days-nationwide-public-safety-broadband. FirstNet was established by the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, Title Six, Section 6204. See https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr3630enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr3630enr.pdf.
  2. The NTIA is part of the US Department of Commerce. See https://www.commerce.gov/ and https://www.ntia.doc.gov/home.
  3. “FirstNet Outlines Operational Readiness.”
  4. “FirstNet Board Advances First Responder Network Procurement Process,” FirstNet, March 28, 2017, http://firstnet.gov/news/firstnet-board-advances-first-responder-network-procurement-process.
  5. “FirstNet Partners with AT&T to Build $46.5 Billion Wireless Broadband Network for America’s First Responders,” FirstNet press release, March 30, 2017, https://firstnet.gov/news/firstnet-partners-att-build-wireless-broadband-network-americas-first-responders. See also http://advancingtelecom.blogspot.om/2017/08
    /firstnet-scoreboard-on-opt-in-versus.html.

Topic 7- DISH

  1. See the DISH website, https://www.dish.com/; “DISH Statement of AWS-4 Spectrum Decision,” DISH press release, http://dish.client.shareholder.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=726262; “Commission Announces the Adoption of AWS-4 Order and H Block NPRM Statement from Tammy Sun, FCC Director of Communications,” Federal Communications Commission press release, December 11, 2012, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-317894A1.pdf; “Report and Order and Order of Proposed Modification,” Federal Communications Commission press release, December 17, 2012, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-12-151A1.pdf; and “FCC Proposes 40 MHz of Additional Spectrum for Mobile Broadband,” Federal Communications Commission press release, March 21, 2012, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-313145A1.pdf. AWS-4 band is in 2 GHz frequency spectrum.
  2. “Sprint and DISH to Trial Fixed Wireless Broadband Service,” DISH press release, http://dish.client.shareholder.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=814328; “DISH and nTelos Launch Fixed Wireless Broadband Pilot,” DISH press release, June 13, 2013, http://about.dish.com/press-release/corporate/dish-and-ntelos-launch-fixed-wireless-broadband-pilot; and “DISH, Ntelos Test LTE-to-the-Home,” AGL Media Group, http://www.aglmediagroup.com/dish-ntelos-test-lte-to-the-home/.
  3. “Memorandum Opinion and Order,” Federal Communications Commission, December 20, 2013, https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-13-2409A1.pdf.
  4. New DISH plan for network buildout resulting from the T-Mobile-Sprint merger, 07/31/2019. https://www.lightreading.com/mobile/5g/this-is-dishs-6-step-plan-for-5g/a/d-id/753124
    A. Stop building an NB-IoT network
    Dish confirmed it has already halted work on its NB-IoT network. The network represented “phase one” of Dish’s previous wireless plans. However, Dish’s opponents — including, ironically, at one time, T-Mobile — said the network is simply a placeholder that Dish was building only to meet the FCC’s network-buildout requirements for its spectrum licenses.
    In fact, Dish’s Ergen practically confirmed that view in his comments this week on Dish’s earnings call with investors: “It never was a great experience,” he said of the NB-IoT network, noting T-Mobile already offers nationwide NB-IoT services. “It wasn’t the network to be proud of.”
    But Ergen said Dish would restart work on its NB-IoT network if Sprint and T-Mobile are not able to consummate their merger.
    B. Get money to pay for the construction of a 5G network
    Dish’s Ergen said he expects to spend around $10 billion building a 5G network — though some analysts have said that’s not nearly enough. Nevertheless, Ergen has made it clear that he believes financing for Dish’s 5G endeavor could come from a wide variety of sources, including from raiding Dish’s satellite TV profits or from tapping into the capital markets. Dish also could potentially make money from leasing its 600MHz spectrum to T-Mobile; the companies will be obligated to enter negotiations over such an agreement if the Sprint/T-Mobile merger is approved.
    Ergen — ranked by Forbes as the world’s 144th richest person, with a net worth of roughly $11 billion — even said he would personally help fund the business if necessary.
    According to various reports, companies including Google and Amazon also may be interested in funding the construction of Dish’s 5G network, presumably in order to gain cheap access to it when it’s up an running. Already Google was among the companies that funded Clearwire before Sprint acquired the business.
    “We don’t doubt that they [Dish] will find the capital to fund their plan,” wrote the analysts at Wall Street firm New Street Research in a note to investors.
    However, there are provisions in Dish’s deal with T-Mobile geared toward preventing another company from gaining more than 50% ownership of Dish.
    C. Become an MVNO
    If Sprint and T-Mobile merge, Dish will immediately become the nation’s second-largest MVNO, by taking control of 9.3 million Sprint prepaid customers stretching across the operator’s Virgin, Boost and Sprint Prepaid brands. An MVNO essentially piggybacks on an existing wireless network — the MVNO provides services including activation, customer support and billing, while the network operator provides the underlying connectivity. Only TracFone will be bigger than Dish. TracFone is an MVNO with 21.4 million US customers owned by billionaire Carlos Slim’s America Movil that offers service through brands including Straight Talk, TracFone, Total Wireless and others.
    Importantly, Dish will become an MVNO of the merged Sprint and T-Mobile, which means it will get access to the combined operator’s network, including its 5G network. That means Dish will activate new MVNO customers on T-Mobile’s network, not Sprint’s network. “Since the T-Mobile network is far superior to the Sprint network, particularly in terms of coverage, it opens up new geographically diverse markets for us,” Ergen explained.
    And Dish executives hinted that, as an MVNO, Dish would be able to launch services not only on the Boost or Dish brands but on other brands — like maybe Sling Wireless.
    “We intend to continue to grow the Boost brand in presence, but we do have the capability to create new brands as well as bundle that with third-party products and cross market with third-party partners,” Dish’s Erik Carlson said during the company’s conference call this week.
    Regardless, there’s little doubt Dish will add some kind of video service to its MVNO offering, likely in the form of its Sling TV streaming service.
    And what of the financial details of Dish’s MVNO? Although none of the companies has provided concrete details on the topic, T-Mobile executives confirmed Dish will pay T-Mobile for the MVNO, while Ergen said Dish’s MVNO deal with T-Mobile is “very competitive” compared with the MVNO agreements that America Movil has. Ergen also said Dish expects to be profitable with its MVNO.
    “Dish got a good deal on this asset,” wrote the New Street analysts of Dish’s MVNO deal with T-Mobile.
    Finally, what kind of wireless provider will Dish be as an MVNO? Will the company quietly enter the industry with standard MVNO pricing, or will it seek to make a splash? “As far as wireless pricing, yes, we do think we’d be disruptive, day one, as I said, not only because of attractive rates but also bundling capabilities that are addressed in the deal,” said Dish’s Tom Cullen.
    Dish has also promised to offer postpaid services via its MVNO within a year of the Sprint/T-Mobile merger closing.
    D. Build a core wireless network
    Dish’s MVNO deal with T-Mobile, which expires in seven years, is basically just a temporary step on the way to Dish building its own 5G network. The first step of that effort involves building a “core” network, which is basically the brains of the network. Ergen said Dish would build its wireless core within a year after the close of the Sprint/T-Mobile merger.
    In doing so, Dish would join Altice as an MVNO with a core network. MVNOs traditionally do not operate core networks, but Dish said building a core will allow it to route traffic, provision new customers and conduct traffic analysis, putting it on the path to operating its own network.
    Importantly, Dish’s core will also be able to handle eSIM technology, which Ergen said is important because such technology will allow customers to switch operators without having to physically change the SIM card in their phone. So far only Google (Pixel) and Apple (iPhone) support eSIM technology in their phones, but Dish and T-Mobile have pledged to support the technology more broadly if the Sprint/T-Mobile merger is approved. eSIM technology could potentially make it easier for Dish to steal customers from AT&T and Verizon, as long as customers’ phones are paid off, compatible with Dish’s MVNO, and support the proper spectrum bands.
    Other operators including cable company Charter are eyeing the eSIM opportunity.
    E. Build a 5G wireless network in big cities
    After Dish builds a core network, it can then begin the actual work of constructing a really real 5G network. That’s where the work becomes expensive, because Dish will need to invest in backhaul, antennas and space on cell towers. Per the company’s agreement with T-Mobile, Dish will get first dibs on 20,000 towers that T-Mobile and Sprint plan to decommission as they merge operations.
    However, Dish is ahead of the game to some degree because it spent around $20 billion over the past decade acquiring roughly 100MHz of spectrum around the country. That’s almost as much spectrum as Verizon owns. It’s a lot of spectrum.
    Initially Dish said it will build its 5G network in big cities, where most of the network traffic is. Then it will expand that effort to rural areas. Ergen said he expects Dish to spend around $1 billion building a core and its first few cities. Dish has promised to cover 20% of the US population by June 2022.
    As Dish builds out its wireless network, its MVNO payments to T-Mobile will shrink. But Dish customers shouldn’t notice a difference because — under the terms of the companies’ deal — customers are supposed to be able to seamlessly roam from Dish’s network to T-Mobile’s network without dropping their calls.
    What’s more interesting here is that Dish isn’t planning to build a conventional cellular network. Instead, it’s planning to build a “cloud-native” network — like Rakuten is planning to do in Japan — which means that Dish will install antennas on towers but most of the rest of the functions of its network will run in a data center. As a result, Dish executives said they expect to spend at least 25% less than if they were to build a regular cellular network.
    Importantly, Ergen named Cisco, Intel, Red Hat and Altiostar as Rakuten vendors that Dish would consider for its 5G network. That’s noteworthy considering Ericsson, Nokia and Samsung are the big wireless equipment vendors in the US for the 5G networks from T-Mobile, Sprint, AT&T and Verizon.
    F. Wholesale 5G
    Dish has made it very clear that smartphones are only one part of its 5G ambitions. The company also wants to connect autonomous cars, robots, smart city applications and other high-tech stuff. Ergen said that one slice of Dish’s 5G network — 30% or so, might be devoted to “retail” offerings, including smartphones. Other slices would be devoted to wholesale applications.
    For example, Amazon might purchase a slice to remotely pilot drones for Amazon Prime deliveries.
    That wholesale aspect only comes into play with Dish’s own network, not with T-Mobile’s MVNO.
    That said, Dish isn’t the only company hoping to wholesale slices of 5G. Other carriers, including AT&T and Verizon have discussed similar plans. But Dish will be the only carrier with lots of unused spectrum hoping to wholesale slices of 5G. And with all that excess capacity, there’s a good chance Dish’s 5G will be a lot cheaper than Verizon’s 5G.
    — Mike Dano, Editorial Director, 5G & Mobile Strategies, Light Reading | @mikeddano
  5. DISH to become National Facilities-Based Wireless Carrier– Will Deploy Nation’s First Standalone 5G Broadband Network, July 216, 2019, https://about.dish.com/2019-07-26-DISH-to-Become-National-Facilities-based-Wireless-Carrier
    Four key observations from Dish’s 5G launch- June 21, 2022. https://www.lightreading.com/open-ran/four-key-observations-from-dishs-5g-launch/a/d-id/778383
    — Mike Dano, Editorial Director, 5G & Mobile Strategies, Light Reading | @mikeddano

Topic 8-

  1. “Crown Castle Announces Agreement to Acquire Wilcon,” Crown Castle press release, April 17, 2017, http://investor.crowncastle.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=107530&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2262255.
  2. J. Sharpe Smith, “Crown Castle Acquires FiberNet as Fiber Merges Multiply,” AGL Media Group, November 10, 2016, http://www.aglmediagroup.com/crown-castle-acquires-fibernet-fiber-mergers-multiple/.
  3. “Crown Castle CEO ‘Bullish’ on the Future of the Market,” Inside Towers, March 29, 2017, https://insidetowers.com/cell-tower-news-crown-castle-ceo-bullishon-future-market/?.
  4. See the following AT&T website pages, which are focused on service to residential and building locations, yet those capabilities are also available to provide fiber-optic transport for wireless facilities in metro areas: http://www.about.att
    .com/newsroom/att_fiber_coming_to_over_50_metros_by_end_of_february, http://www.about.att.com/mediakit/fiber, and http://www.corp.att.com/fiberreadybuilding/. The following pages specify that AT&T has 410,000 fiber-­optic route miles in its internet protocol (IP) network and over 980,000 route miles worldwide: https://www.att.com/gen/general?pid=7462 and http://www.corp.att.com/gov/solution/network_services/.
  5. “Verizon Completes Purchase of XO Communications’ Fiber Business,” Verizon press release, February 1, 2017, http://www.verizon.com/about/news/verizon-completes-purchase-xo-communications-fiber-business.
  6. “Verizon Agrees to $105 Billion Three Year Minimum Purchase Agreement with Corning for Next Generation Optical Solutions,” Verizon press release, April 18, 2017, http://www.verizon.com/about/news/verizon-agrees-105-billion-three
    -year-minimum-purchase-agreement-corning-next-generation; and Lauren Thomas, “Verizon Agrees to $105 Billion Fiber-Optic Cable Deal to Grow Its Platform,” CNBC, April 18, 2017, http://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/18/verizon-agrees-to-1-05-billion-fiber-optic-cable-deal-to-grow-its-fios-platform.html.
  7. An acquisition of Level 3 by CenturyLink was announced on October 31, 2016. On December 14, 2016, the two companies filed merger papers with the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Department of Justice. The merger website is located at https://www.connectingtheneweconomy.com/.
  8. J. Sharpe Smith, “Crown Castle Acquires FiberNet as Fiber Merges Multiply,” AGL Media Group, November 10, 2016, http://www.aglmediagroup.com/crown-castle-acquires-fibernet-fiber-mergers-multiple/.
  9. See the Uniti website at http://uniti.com/about/uniti.
  10. “Zayo Closes Acquisition of Electric Lightwave,” Zayo, March 1, 2017, http://www.zayo.com/news/zayo-closes-acquisition-electric-lightwave/.
  11. “Network Maps: USA Long Haul,” Telecom Ramblings, http://www.telecomramblings.com/network-maps/usa-fiber-backbone-map-resources/#comments. Other network maps are available as well.

Topic 9-

  1. “The Evolution of Cellular Service,” Federal Communications Commission, https://www.fcc.gov/news-events/blog/2014/10/02/evolution-cellular-service.
  2. Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. LA. No. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56 (1996), https://transition.fcc.gov/Reports/tcom1996.pdf; “Telecommunications Act of 1996,” Federal Communications Commission, June 20, 2013, https://www.fcc.gov/general/telecommunications-act-1996.
  3. Middle-Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (2012 Act), Pub. L. 112-96, H.R. 3630, 126 Stat. 156 (enacted Feb. 22, 2012), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr3630enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr3630enr.pdf.
  4. See Appendix B, “Federal Agency Websites.”
  5. “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Notice of Inquiry in the Matter of Accelerating Wireless Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to Infrastructure Investment,” Federal Communications Commission, FCC 17-38, WT Docket 17-79, April 21, 2017, http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0421/FCC-17-38A1.pdf; “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Notice of Inquiry, and Request for Comment in the Matter of Accelerating Wireline Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to Infrastructure Investment,” Federal Communications Commission, FCC 17-37, WT Docket 17-84, April 21, 2017, http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0421/FCC-17-37A1.pdf; “FCC Announces Membership and First Meeting of the Broadband Deployment Advisory Committee, Federal Communications Commission, DA 17-328, Public Notice, April 6, 2017,” http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017
    /db0406/DA-17-328A1.pdf; 115th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Bill 19, “Making Opportunities for Broadband Investment and Limiting Excessive and Needless Obstacles to Wireless Act” (or the “MOBILE NOW Act”), January 3, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/s19/BILLS-115s19is.pdf; J. Sharpe Smith, “State Bills, Court Case Pave Way for Small Cell Rights in Right-of-way,” AGL Media Group, January 19, 2017, http://www.aglmediagroup.com/state-bills-court-case-pave-way-for-small-cells-in-rights-of-way/; J. Sharpe Smith, “Laws Promoting Small Cells Blossom in States,” AGL Media Group, http://www.aglmediagroup.com/laws-promoting-small-cells-blossom-in-states/; 115th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Bill 1988, A bill to streamline broadband infrastructure permitting on established public rights-of-way and other purposes, October 19, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th.congress/senate-bill/1988/text.
  6. FCC Seeks Comment on Mobilitie Petition & Small Cell Deployment, December 22, 2016,  https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-seeks-comment-mobilitie-petition-small-cell-deployment
  7. “Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Notice of Inquiry in the Matter of Accelerating Wireless Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to Infrastructure Investment,” Federal Communications Commission, FCC 17-38, WT Docket 17-79, April 21, 2017,  https://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0421/FCC-17-38A1.pdf
  8. The Broadband Deployment Advisory Committee Homepage, https://www.fcc.gov/broadband-deployment-advisory-committee
  9. Accelerating Wireless Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to Infrastructure Investment; Accelerating Wireline Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to Infrastructure Investment, As part of the FCC’s efforts, the agency consulted with a wide range of communities to determine the appropriate steps needed to enable the rapid and efficient deployment of next-generation wireless networks—or 5G—throughout the United States.
    1.) This Order focuses on ensuring the Commission’s rules properly address the differences between large and small wireless facilities, and clarifies the treatment of small cell deployments. Specifically, the Order: Excludes small wireless facilities deployed on non-Tribal lands from National Historic Preservation Act https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/05/03/2018-08886/accelerating-wireless-broadband-deployment-by-removing-barriers-to-infrastructure-investment
    2.) FCC Speeds Access to Utility Poles to Promote Broadband, 5G Deployment, Reforms the federal framework governing pole attachments by adopting a one-touch make-ready process; addresses state and local regulatory barriers to deployment, August 3, 2018, https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-speeds-access-utility-poles-promote-broadband-5g-deployment-0
    3.) FCC removes barriers to wireless infrastructure deployment by clarifying the scope of Sections 253 and 332 and establishing shot clocks for small wireless facilities https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-facilitates-wireless-infrastructure-deployment-5g
  10. Revises the Commission’s rules implementing section 6409(a) of the Spectrum Act of 2012 to facilitate 5G deployment, Released November 3, 2020, https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-streamlines-local-approval-wireless-structure-modifications-0.
  11. Federal Judge Rules Against City of Berkeley’s Cellphone Radiation Warning Law, September 17, 2020, https://wwwhttps://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/show_temp-1.pdf
  12. Mobile 5G and Small Cell 2022 Legislation, Mobile fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems are the next upgrades of wireless technology, offering faster speeds, greater capacity, and better reliability. To deploy this technology, new infrastructure, called small cells, must be used. Small cells generate less power, collect and transmit signals in a short range from one another and require collocating the cells on other infrastructure. Small cell wireless facility deployment requires streamlined federal, state, and local permitting, rights of way, application timelines and other siting and application fees, and application review timelines and appeals processes to make it economically feasible for wireless companies to deploy the technology across communities. More than 30 state legislatures have enacted small cell legislation that streamlines regulations to facilitate the deployment of 5G small cells. These laws take into consideration the unique circumstances of their state and local environment, but baseline principles can be established and are consistent with wireless industry standards, including:
    -Streamlined applications to access public rights of way.
    -Caps on costs and fees.
    -Streamlined timelines for the consideration and processing of cell siting applications.
    https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/mobile-5g-and-small-cell-2022-legislation